{"id":326,"date":"2021-03-03T22:47:31","date_gmt":"2021-03-03T22:47:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/?p=326"},"modified":"2022-01-19T20:27:37","modified_gmt":"2022-01-19T20:27:37","slug":"the-mangled-mess-of-human-musculature","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/2021\/03\/03\/the-mangled-mess-of-human-musculature\/","title":{"rendered":"[How to Draw] The Mangled Mess of Human Musculature"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Introduction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"772\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/skeletonWantsToMove-772x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Skeleton\" class=\"wp-image-424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/skeletonWantsToMove-772x1024.jpg 772w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/skeletonWantsToMove-226x300.jpg 226w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/skeletonWantsToMove-768x1019.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/skeletonWantsToMove-1157x1536.jpg 1157w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/skeletonWantsToMove-600x796.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/skeletonWantsToMove-945x1254.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/skeletonWantsToMove.jpg 1543w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><figcaption>(<em>He wants to move.<\/em>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>So you&#8217;ve learned a bit about the skeleton. That&#8217;s great! But now, that skeleton wants to move.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Of course, on its own, the skeleton is incapable of movement &#8211; it&#8217;s basically just a collection of sticks. In order to move, the body requires <strong>muscles<\/strong>. In addition to providing a means of locomotion, muscles also keep us <em>alive<\/em>, surrounding and creating the walls of our internal organs.<br><br><br><br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--more-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The 3 Types of Muscles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Simply put, muscles allow us to exist, and live. Without muscles, our heart would stop beating (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiac_muscle\" target=\"_blank\">cardiac muscle<\/a>), our internal organs would cease to exist (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smooth_muscle\" target=\"_blank\">smooth muscle<\/a>), and our skeletons would be incapable of movement (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skeletal_muscle\" target=\"_blank\">skeletal muscle<\/a>). In other words, without muscle, we&#8217;d just be a hollow shell &#8211; like an empty suit of armor.<br><br>As suggested by the title of this section (and the examples I just gave), there&#8217;s three types of muscle found throughout the body. For the sake of clarity, I&#8217;ll repeat them:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cardiac_muscle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Cardiac Muscle<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smooth_muscle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Smooth Muscle<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skeletal_muscle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Skeletal Muscle<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally speaking though, in art, we don&#8217;t talk about smooth or cardiac muscles very often. For one, both of those muscle types are <em>involuntary<\/em>, so we don&#8217;t have any direct control over them.<br>For another, their functions are either extremely limited, fairly self explanatory, or both &#8211; which will be elaborated on in the respective section for each muscle type.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/heartDefiance-1024x900.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Defiant Heart\" class=\"wp-image-426\" width=\"562\" height=\"500\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:12px\">Our heart is not a slave to our decisions or desires.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cardiac Muscle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Cardiac muscle is, unsurprisingly, only found in the heart. As previously mentioned, it&#8217;s involuntary &#8211; you have no direct control over your heartbeat. If you did, you could stop your heart at will, which&#8230; wouldn&#8217;t be especially useful. It&#8217;d be like having an off-switch for your brain.<br>That said, cardiac muscle <em>is <\/em>pretty fascinating &#8211; it&#8217;s just not especially relevant to art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"783\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1-1024x783.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Heart Stop p1\" data-id=\"419\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1.jpg\" data-link=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/self_heartstop1\/\" class=\"wp-image-419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1-1024x783.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1-768x587.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1-1536x1175.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1-600x459.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1-945x723.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop1.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"966\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2-1024x966.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Heart Stop p2\" data-id=\"420\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2.jpg\" data-link=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/self_heartstop2\/\" class=\"wp-image-420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2-1024x966.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2-300x283.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2-768x725.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2-1536x1449.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2-600x566.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2-945x892.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_heartStop2.jpg 1961w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:12px\"><br>It&#8217;s probably for the best that we can&#8217;t control our hearts.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Smooth Muscle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Smooth muscle, much like cardiac muscle, is completely involuntary. <em>Unlike<\/em> cardiac muscle, smooth muscle is found all throughout the human body. It can be found in the lining of all your &#8220;hollow organs,&#8221; like your bladder, stomach, intestines, and the arteries and veins of your circulatory system; as well as in your irises, where it controls the contraction and dilation that affects the amount of light allowed into our pupils (<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180828134305\/https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/anatomyandphysiology\/chapter\/10-8-smooth-muscle\/\" target=\"_blank\">Smooth muscle<\/a>).<br><br>As with cardiac muscle, knowledge of smooth muscle isn&#8217;t that important for art. You don&#8217;t really need to know <em>why<\/em> your pupils dilate, or why your intestines perform <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peristalsis\" target=\"_blank\">peristalsis<\/a>, because they just do &#8211; those functions are just part of being alive. It&#8217;s good to know that those functions exist, but you don&#8217;t need a detailed understanding of them to create a convincing human figure &#8211; you just need to know that they happen.<br>Most smooth muscle functions are also ubiquitously well understood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"556\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_swallowing-1024x556.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Swallowing\" class=\"wp-image-422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_swallowing-1024x556.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_swallowing-300x163.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_swallowing-768x417.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_swallowing-1536x834.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_swallowing-600x326.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_swallowing-945x513.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_swallowing.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:12px\">Things like swallowing don&#8217;t really need to be explained.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Skeletal Muscle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The muscle type most relevant to art is skeletal muscle, which, as its name suggests, allows us to move our skeleton. This is the only <em>voluntary<\/em> muscle type &#8211; one which we have direct control of. Any time you decide to move a part of your body, you&#8217;re using skeletal muscles to move your skeleton. I&#8217;m using skeletal muscle(s) right now, in order to press keys on my keyboard and type this sentence.<br><br>Skeletal muscles are generally the most well known and instantly recognizable muscles, forming the exterior appearance and aesthetic of the human body. Your biceps, deltoids, pecs, and quadriceps for example, are all skeletal muscles &#8211; most of you are probably quite familiar with those muscles, even if you don&#8217;t know anything about anatomy.<br><br>To be clear, skeletal muscles <em>can<\/em> be controlled involuntarily &#8211; your <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thoracic_diaphragm\" target=\"_blank\">diaphragm<\/a> (the muscle that controls your breathing), is made of skeletal muscle, and often moves involuntarily. While you <em>can <\/em>breathe voluntarily, your brain usually does that work for you. The key is that voluntary control is <em>possible<\/em>, as is necessary when holding your breath, or talking.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/breathingVoluntarily-1024x731.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Voluntary Breathing\" class=\"wp-image-425\" width=\"512\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/breathingVoluntarily-1024x731.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/breathingVoluntarily-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/breathingVoluntarily-768x548.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/breathingVoluntarily-1536x1096.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/breathingVoluntarily-600x428.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/breathingVoluntarily-945x674.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/breathingVoluntarily.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:12px\">\u03c8(\uff40\u2207\u00b4)\u03c8<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Importance of Functional Knowledge<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>That may have felt like an overwhelming amount of information to absorb, but you can rest easy knowing that most of it wasn&#8217;t that important. Like I said, artists don&#8217;t really need to know anything about cardiac or smooth muscle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"605\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_whyRead-1024x605.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Frustration\" class=\"wp-image-423\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_whyRead-1024x605.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_whyRead-300x177.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_whyRead-768x453.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_whyRead-1536x907.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_whyRead-600x354.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_whyRead-945x558.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_whyRead.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Skeletal muscles, however, are quite important &#8211; but like I&#8217;ve said in my previous post, trying to memorize all of them based purely upon their location, name, and appearance, is&#8230; not realistic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let me give you an example &#8211; imagine how difficult it would be to draw the <strong>engine of a car<\/strong> without knowing <em>anything <\/em>about the mechanics of an automobile. It would be practically impossible.<br>A <em>mechanic<\/em>, on the other hand, even one without <em>any<\/em> drawing experience whatsoever, would be (at the very least) capable of drawing the basic shapes that represent specific parts. This is because, aside from having seen those parts hundreds of times, they would have a more developed knowledge of what each part <em>does<\/em>. They would understand that, without a certain part, the car would not be able to function properly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"677\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_engine-1024x677.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Missing Crankshaft\" class=\"wp-image-418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_engine-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_engine-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_engine-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_engine-1536x1016.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_engine-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_engine-945x625.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_engine.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:12px\">I don&#8217;t really know anything about cars yet.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This same idea can be applied to learning about the human body. I mentioned in the previous post that there&#8217;s about <strong>600 muscles<\/strong> in the human body. Now, that number includes smooth muscles, so you don&#8217;t need to learn all of them.<br>Regardless, if you instead focus on learning the <em>function<\/em> of each muscle, it becomes much easier to memorize them, because &#8211; much like a mechanic understands that an engine cannot function without a certain component &#8211; you will come to understand that a human body cannot function without a certain muscle.<br><br>With that in mind, rather than thinking about muscles as abstract concepts, names, or shapes &#8211; think of them instead as parts of an engine. Apply <em>functions<\/em> to them.<br>Don&#8217;t think of your bicep simply as, &#8220;the bicep,&#8221; think of it as, &#8220;the muscle that curls your arm.&#8221; If you want to get more academic with the terminology, you could think of it as, &#8220;the muscle that enacts <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_flexors_of_the_human_body\" target=\"_blank\">flexion<\/a> between your forearm bones and humerus.&#8221; Think of your muscles as their <em>definitions<\/em>, not their names.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Muscles are Weird and Confusing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast to bones, which are often relatively simple and intuitive in the ways they connect and interact with one another, muscles are.. a bit of a mess. Learning certain muscles can be counterintuitive, and often downright confusing.<br><br>Let me start with an example. The <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pectoralis_major\" target=\"_blank\">pectoralis major<\/a> muscle(s), often referred to as &#8220;the pecs,&#8221; attach to the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humerus\" target=\"_blank\">humerus<\/a> (your upper arm bone). In other words, your <em>pecs<\/em> are actually, in some ways, an <strong>arm<\/strong> muscle. This might seem obvious, but that fact alone was surprising to me at first. Before I started learning anatomy, I just thought the pecs sat on your chest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_dumbMoment-1024x775.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Chastising Myself\" class=\"wp-image-417\" width=\"512\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_dumbMoment-1024x775.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_dumbMoment-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_dumbMoment-768x581.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_dumbMoment-1536x1162.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_dumbMoment-600x454.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_dumbMoment-945x715.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_dumbMoment.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:12px\">I wasn&#8217;t thinking very logically about anatomy, at the time.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, the way this muscle <em>connects <\/em>to the humerus is rather strange. In a resting position (arms at your side), the upper portions of your pec muscle attach at the (relative) <strong>lowest<\/strong> point of your humerus, while the lowest portions attach at the (relative) <strong>highest<\/strong> point of your humerus. That alone would be pretty confusing, but that&#8217;s not all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/pecReference1.jpg\" alt=\"Pectoralis Major\" class=\"wp-image-348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/pecReference1.jpg 620w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/pecReference1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/pecReference1-600x338.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:12px\">Note the twisted, fan-like nature of the pec muscles, where the lower portions of the pec muscle twist underneath the upper portions, and attach to the humerus, closer to the shoulder.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When your arm is <strong><em>raised<\/em><\/strong>, the attachments become intuitive, with higher sections of the pec corresponding to a high connection point on the humerus, and so on.<br>Obviously, the attachments themselves aren&#8217;t moving, but the position of the arm causes the fan-shape to appear as though it&#8217;s unfolding. This makes the pectoralis major an extremely difficult muscle to visualize, because its appearance changes depending on the position\/movement of the arm(s).<br>This example highlights yet another reason why memorizing muscles based upon their appearance is basically pointless, since the appearance of certain muscles is inconsistent.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So&#8230; How do I Study Muscles?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, thankfully, this is a question I can offer some answers to. Unlike bones, muscles are (generally) easier to see on the body. Of course, you can see certain bones on most people, like the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olecranon\" target=\"_blank\">olecranon<\/a> (elbow) and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clavicle\" target=\"_blank\">clavicle<\/a> (collarbone), but, by virtue of the fact that bones lie under the surface of our skin (unless you seriously mangle one of your limbs), they&#8217;re harder to observe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_brokenArm-1024x704.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Broken Arm\" class=\"wp-image-416\" width=\"562\" height=\"402\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-size:12px\">Being able to see your bones is usually a bad thing.<br><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are tons of ways to study the muscles of the human body. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cadaver#In_art\" target=\"_blank\">Cadavers<\/a> (dead bodies) are actually a fairly common method of study in art schools &#8211; yes, seriously. Of course, corpses aren&#8217;t exactly the most accessible means of study.<br><br>Figure drawing is, as always, a great method for studying the human body. There are tons of free websites, like <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/reference.sketchdaily.net\/en\" target=\"_blank\">SketchDaily<\/a>, <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/line-of-action.com\/\" target=\"_blank\">Line-of-Action<\/a>, <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/quickposes.com\/en\" target=\"_blank\">Quickposes<\/a>, and more, that provide massive libraries of model photos (nude and clothed) for artists to draw. <br><em>Live <\/em>figure drawing is also an extremely effective method of study (generally more effective than studying from photographs), but it&#8217;s rather difficult to find live sessions at the moment, due to the ongoing pandemic.<br><br>In my opinion, one of the best ways to study human muscle anatomy is to <strong>work out<\/strong>. Not only will you start to develop a reference with your own body (something you always have access to), but you&#8217;ll reinforce your understanding of muscle functions. When you&#8217;re really struggling to curl a heavy weight, you can <em>feel<\/em> your <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biceps\" target=\"_blank\">biceps brachii<\/a> muscle straining. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_bicepCurl-1024x724.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Bicep Curl\" class=\"wp-image-415\" width=\"562\" height=\"412\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>After doing pushups, you can feel your chest and arm muscles burning. Through this experience, you become more familiar with the functions of individual muscles, and which muscles work in <em>tandem<\/em> to make certain movements possible.<br><br>Along that train of thought, another method I&#8217;d like to highlight is the study of <em>bodybuilders<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilding_Arnold.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"705\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilding_Arnold-705x1024.jpg\" alt=\"arnoldSchwarzenegger\" data-id=\"355\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilding_Arnold.jpg\" data-link=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/?attachment_id=355\" class=\"wp-image-355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilding_Arnold-705x1024.jpg 705w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilding_Arnold-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilding_Arnold-768x1116.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilding_Arnold-600x872.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilding_Arnold.jpg 925w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Arnold Schwarzenegger<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilderMale_shawnRhoden1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"768\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilderMale_shawnRhoden1.png\" alt=\"shawnRhoden\" data-id=\"354\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilderMale_shawnRhoden1.png\" data-link=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/?attachment_id=354\" class=\"wp-image-354\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilderMale_shawnRhoden1.png 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilderMale_shawnRhoden1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilderMale_shawnRhoden1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/bodybuilderMale_shawnRhoden1-600x600.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Shawn Rhoden<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"820\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder-820x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"Helle Trevino\" data-id=\"361\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder.jpeg\" data-link=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/?attachment_id=361\" class=\"wp-image-361\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder-820x1024.jpeg 820w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder-240x300.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder-768x959.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder-600x749.jpeg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder-945x1180.jpeg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/femaleBodybuilder.jpeg 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">Helle Trevino<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/maleBodybuilder.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"640\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/maleBodybuilder.jpg\" alt=\"unknownBodybuilder\" data-id=\"360\" data-full-url=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/maleBodybuilder.jpg\" data-link=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/?attachment_id=360\" class=\"wp-image-360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/maleBodybuilder.jpg 451w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/maleBodybuilder-211x300.jpg 211w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 451px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-item__caption\">(<em>Unknown Male Bodybuilder<\/em>)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><br>As you might expect, bodybuilders are an excellent reference for studying muscular anatomy. The very art of bodybuilding is defined by a striving for &#8216;perfect&#8217; bodily aesthetics, or (perhaps less subjectively), extremely clear muscle definition.<br>As such, by virtue of their profession, bodybuilders provide us with a clear visual reference of various muscles and muscle groups.<br><br>The shapes of common muscles (in terms of visibility) are pushed to an almost <em>cartoonish<\/em> visual extreme. Leg muscles like the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quadriceps_femoris_muscle\" target=\"_blank\">quadriceps<\/a> (primarily the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vastus_lateralis_muscle\" target=\"_blank\">vastus lateralis<\/a>, <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rectus_femoris_muscle\" target=\"_blank\">rectus femoris<\/a>, and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vastus_medialis\" target=\"_blank\">vastus medialis<\/a>), arm muscles like the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biceps\" target=\"_blank\">biceps brachii<\/a> and <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Triceps\" target=\"_blank\">triceps brachii<\/a>, and back muscles like the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trapezius\" target=\"_blank\">trapezius<\/a>, are so clearly defined, they appear to almost <em>burst<\/em> from the bodybuilder&#8217;s skin.<br>In some cases, it becomes possible to distinguish the different <em>parts<\/em> of individual muscles &#8211; like the two separate &#8216;heads&#8217; of the bicep.<br><br>Aside from having extremely well defined muscles familiar to most people, bodybuilders also strive to define less superficial muscles. On Shawn Rhoden&#8217;s left leg (our right), you can clearly see his <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sartorius_muscle\" target=\"_blank\">sartorius<\/a> muscle, a muscle not visible on most people. The <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coracobrachialis_muscle\" target=\"_blank\">coracobrachialis<\/a>, another tough-to-see muscle, can be observed on each and every one of the bodybuilders shown above (aside from the last one, because it&#8217;s obscured by his back muscles).<br>For these reasons, bodybuilders provide an <em>excellent<\/em> reference for muscular anatomy &#8211; as though an ideal study subject leapt straight out of the pages of an anatomy textbook.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Studying Different Body Types<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of the importance of understanding musculature, it&#8217;s not uncommon for classically trained and\/or professional artists to gravitate more towards drawing relatively muscular figures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_muscularFigures-1024x825.jpg\" alt=\"Doodle; Muscles are Fun\" class=\"wp-image-421\" width=\"512\" height=\"413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_muscularFigures-1024x825.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_muscularFigures-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_muscularFigures-768x618.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_muscularFigures-1536x1237.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_muscularFigures-600x483.jpg 600w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_muscularFigures-945x761.jpg 945w, https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/files\/2021\/03\/self_muscularFigures.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><br>Of course, most people don&#8217;t look like bodybuilders. I want to make it clear that bodybuilders provide an excellent reference for studying <em>muscular anatomy<\/em> &#8211; they are not a good reference for learning to draw everyday people. As such, if you intend to depict realistic human figures, it&#8217;s important to study all sorts of body types.<br><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fat\" target=\"_blank\">Fat<\/a> is extremely common across all sorts of animal species, and it&#8217;s an important source of energy. Most people have deposits of fat on their body. Female <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Breast\" target=\"_blank\">breasts<\/a>, for example, are basically just balloons of fat attached to the pecs. Learning how to draw fat on the human body is a necessary part of depicting realistic figures, so it&#8217;s important to study less hyper-muscular figures when you&#8217;re practicing figure drawings.<br>Having a deep understanding of how to render softer, fattier figures, is often a mark towards mastery amongst figure artists.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Closing Thoughts; Critiques Welcome!<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, that was a lot of information. I may have went slightly overboard in some places.. but I did make an effort to trim the fat (no pun intended) off this post. This post is actually over a day late, because of how much content I decided to include.<br>Future posts will probably be shorter. As much as I love talking about art and anatomy, I don&#8217;t have time to spend several hours on each blog post.<br><br>Much like my knowledge of skeletal structure(s), I&#8217;ve still much to learn about muscle anatomy. These blog posts have evolved into a way for me to reinforce my own knowledge, while sharing with you my learning experience. I hope that these posts are, at the very least, appealing to look at, and somewhat enjoyable to read. <br><br>I think anatomy is an extremely fascinating and exciting topic, but I realize that not everyone cares about the minute details of muscle anatomy, the mechanics of locomotion, or the structure(s) of our skeleton. My goal is to make these posts as enjoyable as possible for artists and non-artists alike, so <strong>if you&#8217;ve any criticisms to offer<\/strong> (as a member of <em>either<\/em> group), please feel free to leave them in the comment sections.<br><br>And as always, thanks for reading.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><em>Arnold Schwarzenegger<\/em>. (2016, September 29). [Photograph]. Wikipedia. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/05\/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg\/800px-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/0\/05\/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg\/800px-Arnold_Schwarzenegger_1974.jpg<\/a><\/li><li><em>Helle Trevino<\/em>. (2019, December 18). [Photograph]. Female Bodybuilder of the Year! <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.digitalmuscle.com\/master-archive\/female-bodybuilder-of-the-year\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.digitalmuscle.com\/master-archive\/female-bodybuilder-of-the-year\/<\/a><\/li><li><em>Human Anatomy Muscles of the Body<\/em>. (n.d.). [Illustration]. eBay. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ebay.co.uk\/itm\/HUMAN-ANATOMY-MUSCLES-OF-THE-BODY-Poster-Print-Education-Science-A3-A4-Laminated-\/383379150968\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ebay.co.uk\/itm\/HUMAN-ANATOMY-MUSCLES-OF-THE-BODY-Poster-Print-Education-Science-A3-A4-Laminated-\/383379150968<\/a><\/li><li><em>Pectoralis Major<\/em>. (09-01-2006). [Illustration]. T-Nation. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.t-nation.com\/training\/right-way-to-stretch-the-pecs\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.t-nation.com\/training\/right-way-to-stretch-the-pecs<\/a><\/li><li><em>Shawn Rhoden<\/em>. (2015, September 15). [Photograph]. Facebook. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TowerFitnessCenter\/posts\/the-new-mr-olympia-2018-shawn-rhoden-\/1800036363379599\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/TowerFitnessCenter\/posts\/the-new-mr-olympia-2018-shawn-rhoden-\/1800036363379599\/<\/a><\/li><li>Smooth muscle. (2018, April 28). In <em>Wikipedia<\/em>. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180828134305\/https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/anatomyandphysiology\/chapter\/10-8-smooth-muscle\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20180828134305\/https:\/\/opentextbc.ca\/anatomyandphysiology\/chapter\/10-8-smooth-muscle\/<\/a><\/li><li><em>Unknown Male Bodybuilder<\/em>. (n.d.). [Photograph]. Pinterest. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pinterest.ph\/pin\/269723465161846054\/\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.pinterest.ph\/pin\/269723465161846054\/<\/a><br><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><br><strong><em>Disclaimer<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">All information in these posts is my own words, unless explicitly stated otherwise. None of this information is quoted, nor paraphrased, unless explicitly stated otherwise. Any similarities between my own words, and the informative sources\/hyperlinks provided is <strong>purely coincidental<\/strong>, unless explicitly stated otherwise.<br>In any case where I am using someone else&#8217;s words (or imagery), the source will be cited internally, with a link to that source provided either within the internal citation, at the end of the post under &#8220;<strong>Sources<\/strong>,&#8221; or both.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction So you&#8217;ve learned a bit about the skeleton. That&#8217;s great! But now, that skeleton wants to move. Of course, on its own, the skeleton is incapable of movement &#8211; it&#8217;s basically just a collection of sticks. In order to&#8230; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/2021\/03\/03\/the-mangled-mess-of-human-musculature\/\">Continue Reading &rarr;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8356,"featured_media":379,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[306,1462878],"tags":[1470101,1470107,529082,1470103],"class_list":["post-326","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-art","category-makais-art","tag-anatomy","tag-art","tag-drawing","tag-sketchbook-art"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/326","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8356"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=326"}],"version-history":[{"count":147,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/326\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1299,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/326\/revisions\/1299"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/379"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=326"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=326"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.uww.edu\/artofmakai\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=326"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}